倫巴第區
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伦巴第 (意大利语: Lombardia; 伦巴第语: Lumbardìa) 是意大利北部在阿尔卑斯山和波河河谷之间的一个区域。 它与皮埃蒙特，艾米利亚—罗马涅，威尼托 和特伦蒂诺-上阿迪杰， 以及瑞士接壤。 意大利六分之一的人口都集中在伦巴第区。它的首府是意大利北部最大的城市米兰。现任区长是Roberto Formigoni. 意大利最高的摩天大楼倍耐力大楼（127m）是伦巴第政府的所在地。 伦巴第是经济发展的一大重要引擎，由它的ISTAT统计的国民生产总值是400,000,000,000欧元。伦巴第的国民生产总值比像比利时、瑞士、沙特阿拉伯、爱尔兰、瑞典这样的的国家要高。 这是欧洲最富有的3个地区之一。它有一个领先的家庭毛产出量，要比意大利全国的平均数值高50%。事实上，最近的一次欧洲的数据统计显示，伦巴第在2003年已经成为整个欧盟中拥有最高国民生产总值的地区。很多外国的和当地的公司在米兰有总部。这里生产钢铁、汽车、机械零部件、化工产品、纺织物、家具、皮革制品、鞋，等等。布雷西亚省还是一个著名的军火产区。农业效率在成熟地使用肥料和当地丰富的水资源，以及中世纪以来广泛建设的灌溉系统之下提高了。低地平原种植了一年可以收割8次的饲料作物、粮食作物(大米、小麦和玉米)，以及甜菜。高地平原主要种植粮食作物、蔬菜、果树和桑椹。再高的地方，直到北部的泛阿尔卑斯山扇形区，种植水果、葡萄、橄榄。这里饲养着牛（在伦巴第的密度是意大利最高的），猪和羊。 伦巴第有很多高级别的足球，橄榄球，冰球，篮球俱乐部。四分之一以上的意大利的移民居住在伦巴第。米兰是伦巴第的心脏，这里有6,500,000的居民。伦巴第的另一个大城市是布雷西亚，它的城市中心区有650,000人口。
[编辑] 历史The area of current Lombardy was settled at least since the 2nd millennium BCE, as showed by the archaeological findings of ceramics, arrows, axes and carved stones. In the following centuries it was inhabited first by some Etruscan tribes, who founded the city of Mantua and spred the use of writing; later, starting from the 5th century BCE, the area was invaded by the Celt (Gaul) tribes. This people founded several cities (including Milan) and extended their rule to the Adriatic Sea. Their development was halted by the Roman expansion in the Padan Plain from the 3rd century BCE onwards: after centuries of struggle, in 194 BCE the entire area of what is now lombardy became a Roman province with the name of Gallia Cisalpina ("Gaul on the nearer side of the Alps"). the Roman culture and language overwhelmed the former civilization in the following years, and Lombardy became one of the most developed and rich area of Italy with the construction of a wide array of roads and the devlopment of agriculture and trades. Important figures like Pliny the Elder (in Como) and Vergil (in Mantua) were born here. In the late antiquity the strategic role of Lombardy was emphasized by the temporary moving of the capital of Western Empire in Milan. Here, in 313 CE, emperor Constantine issued the famous edict that gave freedom of confession to all religions within the Empire. During and after the fall of the Western Empire, Lombardy suffered heavily from destructions brought by the series of barbaric invasion. The last and most effective one was that of the the Lombards, or Longobardi, who came around 570s.[1] and whose lastly reign (whose capital was set in Pavia) gave the current name to the region. There was a close relationship between the Frankish, Bavarian and Lombard nobility for many centuries. After the initial struggles, relationships between the Lombard minority and the Latin-speaking majority improved. In the end, the Lombard language and culture dissolved, leaving only minor traces in some names and laws. The end for the Lombard rule came in 774, when the Frankish king Charlemagne conquered Pavia and annexed the "Kingdom of Italy" (mostly northern and central Italy) to his empire. The formed Lombard dukes and nobles were replaced by other German vassals, prince-bishops or marquises. The 11th century marked a significative boom in the region's economy, due to the improved trading and, mostly, agricultural conditions. In a similar way to other areas of Italy, this led to a growing self-acknowledging of the cities, whose increasing richness made them capable to defy the tradition feudal supreme power, represented by the German emperors and by its local legates. This process reached its apex in the 12th and 13th century, when different Lombard Leagues formed by allied cities of Lombardy, usually led by Milan, managed to defeat the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick I, at Legnano, and his nephew Frederick II, at Parma. This did not prevent other importan Lombard centres, like Cremona (then rivalling Milan as for size and whealty) and other, to support the imperial power if this could grant them an immediate advantage. Taking advantage of the flourishing agriculture, the area around the Po River, together with Venice and Tuscany, continued to expand its industry and commerce until it became the economical centre of the whole Europe. The enterprising class of the communes extended its trades and banking activities well up to northern Europe, and the name "Lombardy" turned to design the whole of Northern Italy until the 15th century. From the 14th century onwards, the instability created by the unceasing inner and external struggles ended in the creation of noble seignories, the most significative of which where those of the Viscontis (later Sforzas) in Milan and of the Gonzagas in Mantua. In the 15th century the Duchy of Milan was a major political, economical and military force at European level. Milan and Mantua became two centres of Renaissance whose culture, with men like Leonardo da Vinci and Mantegna, and pieces of art were highly regarded. This richness, however, attracted the now more organized armies of national powers like France and Spain, which longly contented the rule of Lombardy in the late 15th-early 16th century. After the decisive battle of Pavia (1525), the Duchy of Milan became a Spanish possession: the new rulers did little to improve the economy of Lombardy, limiting to impose a growing series of taxes needed to support their unending series of European wars. The eastern part of modern Lombardy, with cities like Bergamo and Brescia, was instead under the Republic of Venice, which had started to extend its influence in the area from the 14th century onwards (see also Italian Wars). Pestilences (like that of 1648, described by Alessandro Manzoni in his I Promessi Sposi) and the generally declining conditions of Italy's economy in the 17th and 18th centuries prevented the further devlopment of Lombardy. In 1706 the Austrians came to power, introducing some economical and social measures that granted a certain recover. Their rule was smashed in the late 18th century by the French armies, with Lombardy becoming one of the semi-independent provinces of the Napoleonic Empire. The restoration of the Austrian rule in 1815, in the form of the puppet state called Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, had however to face the new social and freedom ideals left behind by the Napoleonic era. Lombardy became one of the intellectual mainstays of the process which led to the Unification of Italy. The popular republic of 1848 was shortly lived, and Lombardy was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy 1859 as a result of the Second Italian Independence War. Starting from the late 19th century, and with a boom after World War II, Lombardy confirmed its status as the most economically developed area of Italy and Europe itself. The Christian-centre party of Democrazia Cristiana (DC) mantained majority of the votes and the rule of the most important cities and provinces until the late 1980s; consensus of other traditional major force of Italian politics, the Italian Communist Party (PCI), was increasingly eroded by the Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI) until, in the early 1990s, the Mani Pulite corruption scandal which spred from Milan to the whole Italy, wiped away almost entirely the old political class. This, together with the problems caused by immigration and the general disaffection towards the Rome's government, considered too oriented to the less developed regions of southern Italy in economical matters, led to the sudden growth of the separatist party of Lega Lombarda (later Lega Nord), with somewhat plebiscitary consensus especially in agricultural areas and minor cities of the region. 
[编辑] 省这些省的名字都和它的首府的名字一样：
他的十二个省are subdivided into a total of 1,562 communes, ranging in population from Milan (1,256,211) to Morterone, near Lake Como, with only 33 inhabitants (2001 census). [编辑] 主要城市
[编辑] 交通[编辑] 飞机场伦巴第最主要的4个机场:
米兰的两个机场是意大利最繁忙的两个机场，每年有3000万人次的旅客。 [编辑] 铁路
Lombardy's railway services (S-R Lines).
The Suburban Railway Service (called "S" Lines, the service is similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of 8 commuter rail lines (10 as of 2008), connects the Milan Metropolitan Area ("Great Milan"), and other important cities, like Como or Varese. The Regional Railway Service (called "R"), on the other hand, links the cities of Lombardy and connects the region with the national railway system. [编辑] 旅游信息[编辑] 著名的伦巴第人
[编辑] 食物
[编辑] 酒
[编辑] 参见[编辑] 相关联接[编辑] 官方信息
[编辑] 省
[编辑] 大学
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